Web3, the name for a group of technologies that make up the third generation of the Internet, has rapidly developed over the last several years. The ecosystem now boasts thousands of companies and more than $80 billion of start-up funding from venture capital, hedge funds, private equity, and other investors. Major companies across industries—JPMorgan, Nike, Google, and Disney among them—have begun to think about how web3 will influence their business and what benefits this new tech could unlock.

Though web3 is still nascent and some promised effects are likely overhyped, the technology could be transformative if even a fraction of the full potential is reached. The financial services industry has experimented the most, creating applications including tokenized assets, payment systems, and settlement infrastructure. But as web3 matures, the core applications will sit squarely within the technology sector.

One of the emerging battlegrounds that will define future profit pools in web3 is the concept of identity. Identity is central to what many see as web3’s greatest opportunity: the chance to democratize the online experience, enable users to reclaim control of their data, and open the door to mass customization of each user’s experience. Web3’s approach to identity will have important implications for many other technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, that will be needed to manage the proliferation and complexity of data required to serve and track customers. This potential can be realized only if effective, user-friendly ways are created to share only the right data in the right contexts.

As companies compete to shape the future of identity online, digital web3 wallets are expected to play a large role. These wallets act as unified bank accounts and digital passports that have the potential to change how users connect with applications by offering universal sign-in capabilities. What used to be a website-specific log-in may soon just require choosing “connect wallet.” Many of web3’s proponents hope that this new approach will enable users to directly own and control more of their data and digital goods. 

Web3 key concepts

Given how new web3 is, we’ll start with some of the basics about this collection of technologies seeking to create a more decentralized and composable Internet.

The foundational building blocks of web3 are blockchains, smart contracts, and tokens (fungible and nonfungible). Blockchains are open and interconnected community-owned databases and computing platforms. With the invention of Ethereum in 2014, blockchains became decentralized computing resources capable of executing lines of code, called smart contracts, when certain criteria are met. Finally, tokens, whether fungible, digitally native money or nonfungible—meaning unique to a specific asset—allow for the digital representation of value. Taken together, these building blocks inform web3’s approach to open, decentralized, and public infrastructure. This approach unlocks the power of composability and allows for “compounding software development,” just like open source software does. From these building blocks come many core web3 applications, including decentralized applications, DeFi (decentralized finance), open digital wallets, tokens, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), and open metaverses (see Figure 1).

Figure 1

Web3 comprises a combination of new concepts and tools

While web3 and the metaverse are distinct concepts with a wide range of related technologies, web3 principles can be embedded in metaverse design (see Figure 2). Familiar web3 products include decentralized exchanges like Uniswap, digital dollars like Circle’s USDC, and OpenSea’s nonfungible token (NFT) market. Games like Roblox or platforms like Meta’s Horizon Worlds are well-known virtual worlds. Where the two concepts overlap sit “open metaverses,” like The Sandbox or Otherside, that are built on web3 concepts, distinguishing them from metaverses that aren’t always web3-enabled and may be closed or based on more traditional infrastructure. Identity plays a critical role wherever a metaverse is at least partly open. Consistent personhood and asset transferability limit friction for the users; if a virtual skin exists in one place, you’ll want to be able to use it in another metaverse.

Growth of web3

What started in Internet forums and white papers has turned into a full-fledged ecosystem over the last decade. Bain’s web3 and digital asset database tracks more than 4,000 firms that cumulatively raised over $80 billion through June 2022 in the many segments of web3 (see Figure 3).

Figure 3

Financial market infrastructure providers have attracted the biggest share of web3 company funding to date

Figure 3

Blockchains and platforms have attracted about $10 billion of web3 company funding

Figure 3

Core infrastructure has attracted about $7 billion of web3 company funding

Figure 3

Developer tools and web 3 infrastructure have attracted about $8 billion of all web3 company funding

Figure 3

Web3 financial market infrastructure has attracted about $48 billion of web3 company funding

Figure 3

User applications and systems have attracted about $14 billion of web3 company funding

While the web3 investment landscape has undoubtedly changed over the last several months due to market volatility, momentum continues across industries, with many companies publicly acknowledging new efforts, such as Meta, Visa, Fidelity, Google, Mercado Libre, and Breitling.

The wallet and web3 identity

For some of the world’s leading technology firms, web3’s use of wallets and other identity platforms could potentially upend the traditional approach to online identity and asset storage. A wallet is a ledger account on the blockchain. User interface layers like popular wallet apps read the current ledger of your assets, but don’t always store them uniquely on a specific platform; that is, the assets aren’t held in custody by the platform.

Imagine a highly simplified banking analogy. Instead of holding $1,000 in Bank A and $500 in Bank B, both acknowledge that you have $1,500 total, and the banks are just a service layer on top of your assets. You could even go to a Bank C, and it too would see you have $1,500 instantly available. The opportunity for simplified asset transfers and interoperability in this example shows how this type of decentralized infrastructure turns common business models on their head.

By 2020, wallets had started to evolve into much more than just digital accounts. With the rise of decentralized applications, users began to interact with web3 applications, and wallets played an important role. To connect to the popular decentralized exchange Uniswap, for example, you might just click “connect wallet.” There’s no need to create an account. By connecting a wallet, platforms can see the digital assets you own and grant access or permissions based on a token you hold, for example, or an NFT ticket you might have collected by attending an event. In the bank analogy, when you “connect wallet” at Bank C, it might, based on your activity elsewhere, offer preferential loan refinancing terms for your debt with Bank A.

The pace of innovation has continued to accelerate, and companies are creating specialized tools that abstract away the complexity of wallets, while leaving core benefits in place. Here are three examples.

• Digital assets and goods. Similar to the bank example, you may use a wallet to transport other types of digital goods across platforms. Whether holding video game assets like skins, digital artwork, or next-generation loyalty tokens, the ability of wallets to promote interoperability and help users freely move assets unlocks benefits that could threaten customer stickiness and existing business models.

• Credentials and access. Wallets have the potential to disrupt several types of identity and access tools. Companies like Civic, for example, are using tokens to denote certain regulatory conditions. This could enable wallet users who are over 21 to prove their age and purchase alcohol in a delivery app without ever revealing their license. Other web3 firms, like Mintgate, are focusing more on content-related access. These platforms provide holders of certain tokens (such as an NFT ticket) or loyalty points with gated entry to forums or entertainment.

• Data and content. While content creation on the Internet today is decentralized, its publishing tends to be centralized on major platforms. Wallet-related firms hope to upend this ownership model by moving data and content rights away from platforms and toward the user. Companies like Lens Protocol and Farcaster are working to build social graphs in which all of your content—likes, comments, and other data—is decentralized and available to you. In this world, social media platforms would just read social graph data while you could carry your social interactions and content between platforms without being locked in.

These examples represent just a few of the areas in which web3 may reshape digital identity, with continual development for years to come.

Implications for executives today 

Web3 can no longer be ignored. The ecosystem is robust. It has sizable funding and clear targets to disrupt. While this discussion of identity and wallets is most relevant for certain tech platforms, it also demonstrates the broader risk and opportunity that web3 poses when innovation challenges commonly held beliefs about who owns what and how to build defensible profit pools. All companies have to understand the scenarios that may affect their core markets now, and where they might find opportunity in the future.