Brief

As Digital Currencies Start to Embed in the Payments System, What Role for Banks?

To avoid disintermediation and realize the potential benefits, banks need to decide now what their investment posture is and how far they want to engage.

By Sen Ganesh, Alastair Kendall, Thomas Olsen, and Rachel Amory

Published on 十二月 20, 2022
min read


At a Glance Digital currencies hold the promise of programmability, enriched data, lower costs, and faster payments. Banks, governments, and fintechs are beginning to deploy the currencies in different payment situations. We foresee that digital and traditional currencies will coexist, though the pace of a market’s evolution will depend on regulation and adoption of web3 services. Unless banks carve out a clear role in digital currencies, they risk getting disintermediated from the customer. Bain research shows non-bank digital wallet providers or crypto platforms are building this customer relationship. Banks need to start making choices now on how far and where they want to participate, by selecting the appropriate applications, service lines, and infrastructure, and by fostering the right partnerships. Fast-emerging digital currencies have the potential to affect 5% to 10%—or more—of the global payments market by 2030, Bain & Company estimates. Central banks, global banks, and digital native fintechs are vying to establish their solutions as the standard for this evolution of the payments system. Many large banks, for instance, have been tinkering with digital currencies, but often are doing so through dozens of different initiatives. Now they have an opportunity to focus on using digital currencies in new payments solutions for their clients. Such solutions hold the promise of programmability, enriched data, lower costs, and faster payments. Success in this realm, however, requires taking the long view on resources and returns. Banks will want to develop a clear strategy appropriate to their point of departure, based on understanding how digital currencies will play out and which factors should trigger action on their part. The family of digital currencies, and their potential benefits Of all the competing digital currencies and tokens, we focus here on four types of digital currency: central bank digital currency (CBDC), with more than 100 countries exploring the merits of a centrally issued currency; tokenized bank deposits representing a claim on a bank; stablecoins pegged to external source of value, such as a US Dollar Coin (USDC); and cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, not pegged to an underlying asset. Digital currencies have several potential benefits: Real-time, anytime settlement. Round-the-clock certainty of settlement with a counterparty would allow the payer and the payment processing firm to free up trapped pools of liquidity, optimizing working capital and collateral. Programmability. Digital currencies could enable conditional, event-driven, and automated initiation and settlement of payments through the use of smart contracts tied to the currency. Cost efficiency. Using blockchain technology may eliminate or reduce back-office processes such as manual repairs due to failure, sanctions screening, and compliance reporting. Enriched data sets. The data exhaust from payments would provide information required to understand the nature of the payment and reconcile it with transactions. Use cases with the greatest potential These likely benefits open the door to a broad range of applications for digital currencies (see Figure 1). Those on the right side of the figure are easiest to implement with existing methods that are either in place (such as web3 native cases) or that are being developed. Those on the left side have higher obstacles to adoption given multiple jurisdictions (such as cross-border payments) or a need for integration to complex back-end enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems (such as business-to-business, or B2B, payments). Let’s review each in turn. Figure 1 The most immediate payment opportunities for digital currencies are web3 native applications, then traditional cross-border applications B2B payments, including supplier payments and intracompany payments (especially cross-border payments), will benefit greatly due to the instantaneous settlement that digital currencies provide. They optimize liquidity requirements and improve automation, enabling the conditional initiation of payment for goods through smart contacts, and may ease reconciliation requirements. There are, however, a number of obstacles due to the requirement to integrate with existing ERP systems and the need for more data to enable rapid reconciliation. Card giants Visa and Mastercard are exploring the use of digital currencies to make everyday payments on their networks. Between them, the companies have announced partnerships with Coinbase, Bakkt, Gemini, BitPay, and others to support emerging payment forms. Businesses paying employees or customers, including payroll, marketplace disbursements, refunds, and insurance claims, will benefit from programmability to automatically initiate payments such as instant disbursement upon completion of an employee’s shift. In turn, this should reduce operational costs for banks and their corporate clients. This is considered easier to adopt than B2B payments, requiring only employees or consumers to hold digital wallets—many of which are prevalent today. Consumer-to-merchant payment for goods and services currently is restricted to certain applications or merchants such as Shopify that are willing to accept digital currencies in return for goods and services in some countries. The rise of CBDCs could make such consumer-to-merchant transactions a competitive battleground if governments mandate retail CBDC usage. For instance, China’s e-CNY pilot, a digital yuan, is designed to provide a convenient complement to cash as an alternative to the duopoly of Alipay and WeChat Pay, with 140 million individual accounts and 10 million corporate accounts as of October 2021. Domestic CBDCs remain nascent, and interoperability across borders constitutes an even larger leap, though countries are exploring initiatives to make that leap, such as Project Dunbar led by the Bank for International Settlements in partnership with the Australian, Malaysian, Singaporean, and South African central banks. Payments for goods and services have a lower case for change given existing popular methods such as cards. However, the ease of adoption is considered simpler, as consumers and merchants need only a wallet to interact, and as traditional incumbents open acceptance networks in certain use cases to foster adoption. Peer-to-peer payments is one of the simpler use cases for adoption. It requires only a wallet held by both payer and payee, and much of this exists today through crypto wallets. However, the case for change here is slightly weaker, because fintechs have already sprung up to solve problems around cost and speed, even if some are using digital-currency rails. Web3 native use cases represent the third generation of the Internet, a more interoperable system that includes digital currencies to transfer money within a digital ecosystem. Native web3 use cases have been the biggest spur to digital currency usage among consumers, albeit from a relatively small base. Related applications include payment for gaming, purchase of non-fungible tokens, inter-ecosystem transfers between wallets, and ultimately the on- and off-ramping of cryptocurrencies to fund such purchases. Web3 wallets, such as MetaMask, create tools for identity, custody, and payment, helping to streamline the customer experience. As web3 evolves, the use of digital currencies will rise in parallel. Wholesale payments, including those between financial institutions, where growth will likely be fastest, are among other important applications not shown in the figure. Digital currencies can be programmed to match payments to transfers, reducing the need for collateral or liquidity, and lowering costs. One example is the bank-led consortium with J.P. Morgan, DBS, and Temasek, which formed Partior to enable real-time, cross-border wholesale payments. Digital and traditional currencies will likely coexist Demand for digital currencies first developed through crypto use cases. Bain’s recent Web3 Retail Tracker survey of 2,000 US adults finds that 13% currently own digital currencies. Of those who don’t already own digital currencies, an additional 10% of respondents would consider buying them even though the crypto market continues to be uncertain and underregulated. Given future demand, the payments market could evolve under a variety of potential scenarios, which would differ by country depending on the competitive dynamics and stance of the central bank and government (see Figure 2). Figure 2 The maturity of digital currencies varies by country At one extreme, the status quo could endure, with digital currencies on the periphery or limited to niche use cases. At the other extreme, they could grow and be interchangeable with, or even replace, traditional currency. As the figure shows, some governments favor CBDC over stablecoin; others favor the reverse. We view the most likely scenario as multiple digital currency payments methods coexisting alongside traditional payments for the foreseeable future. What banks should scan for Leading companies identify trigger points, signposts, and metrics to help them spot changes before the competition does and capitalize on the flexibility embedded in their strategies. In the case of digital currencies, the following factors will largely drive adoption, and close monitoring of these factors will be critical for any bank that hopes to participate in the market: Regulation about how digital currencies should be treated in the banking system and who can gain access to them. Recent market turbulence in some cryptocurrencies has pushed regulators to act. Bringing clarity to the treatment of digital currencies—who can issue, use, and store them, and what compliance requirements will consist of—will spur more regulated financial institutions to accelerate their acceptance of digital currencies. The pace of development of web3 services by financial institutions and technology companies building foundational services such as digital identity, custodial services, and acceptance solutions. Client demand for new payments solutions. Industry collaboration. Major moves by tech companies or banks that shift the market, offering proprietary or industry-wide solutions, will prompt adoption for specific use cases. The clear business case for banks For banks weighing whether to take action on digital currencies, the business case is clear on several dimensions. To start, banks must avoid disintermediation from end customers. Returning to Bain’s Web3 Retail Tracker survey, respondents owning digital currencies overwhelmingly use non-bank providers (see Figure 3). Use of payment companies such as PayPal and Cash App is almost as high as specialist crypto exchanges. Figure 3 Exchanges and fintech or payment companies handle more digital currency than traditional providers As consumers increasingly interact with digital wallets provided by payment companies and loaded with digital currency, banks risk getting cut out entirely and watching their payments and ancillary revenue pools dry up. Beyond creating a major risk of disintermediation, digital currencies could open up innovative payments solutions for banks that would help corporate clients reduce costs and enable new services, including payment on delivery of goods and automatic insurance claims payouts. And payments data will contribute to a deeper understanding of clients, so as to improve credit decisions and develop more personalized banking products. Digital currencies will also reduce costs per transaction over the long run, with greater speed and automation eliminating manual back-end processes. To be sure, these benefits will only come after meaningful investment to shift from current payment rails to blockchain rails. What should banks do now? The right actions taken by banks will depend on their size and the maturity of the regulatory and competitive landscape in which they operate. Large regional and global banks have payments and broader revenue pools (such as consumer and business deposits and revolving credit) that could be at risk of longer-term disruption. Or they may just have the investment capacity to target emerging revenue pools and invest aggressively. Banks may either go it alone or join an initiative. As an example of the former, J.P. Morgan has set up Onyx and JPM Coin as a new payment rail to facilitate programmable, real-time, multi-currency payments. It also offers delivery-versus-payment and payment-versus-payment options to solve current cross-border hurdles. Some firms are collaborating even if the immediate payoff is not obvious. The European Central Bank announced that it would be partnering with CaixaBank, Worldline, and Nexi, as well as Amazon and EPI, to develop prototypes of different functions of a digital euro, due to be piloted in 2023. Smaller banks can probably afford to wait until payments solutions have been more established. But they should monitor signals and prepare to move quickly as use cases take hold to select the appropriate use cases, service lines, and infrastructure (see Figure 4). Figure 4a Financial institutions face decisions on three major dimensions Figure 4b Financial institutions face decisions on three major dimensions Figure 4c Financial institutions face decisions on three major dimensions Figure 4d Financial institutions face decisions on three major dimensions Every bank, though, should gain a clear view on the role of payments in its strategy and within the organization. Banks can address the following questions to avoid being left behind: How will digital currencies affect our payments strategy and client value proposition? What are the top five applications and opportunities we can tap into? Which use cases will create economic value, whether through cost savings, revenue lift, or protection of current revenue pools? How can we engage our clients on new digital currencies solutions? Which market developments in digital assets should trigger action from us? What are the three to five metrics or events, such as the passage of certain regulations, that will trigger our initiatives and investment? How should we prepare the organization? Do we possess the right technology, talent, operating model, and institutional knowledge to scale up the use of digital currencies if they take hold? What is the right level of investment and time horizon when weighing these initiatives? Will we build, partner, or buy? Who will we collaborate with? What no-regret actions should we take now? Regardless of where a financial institution might want to participate, the time has come to prepare. First movers are establishing capabilities that could become difficult to displace, and corporate customers are showing signs of interest in how digital currencies can improve their payments. Without a clear strategy and the capabilities to execute it, financial institutions will not be able to take advantage of the emerging role of digital currencies in payments.

At a Glance

Digital currencies hold the promise of programmability, enriched data, lower costs, and faster payments. Banks, governments, and fintechs are beginning to deploy the currencies in different payment situations.
We foresee that digital and traditional currencies will coexist, though the pace of a market’s evolution will depend on regulation and adoption of web3 services.
Unless banks carve out a clear role in digital currencies, they risk getting disintermediated from the customer. Bain research shows non-bank digital wallet providers or crypto platforms are building this customer relationship.
Banks need to start making choices now on how far and where they want to participate, by selecting the appropriate applications, service lines, and infrastructure, and by fostering the right partnerships.

Fast-emerging digital currencies have the potential to affect 5% to 10%—or more—of the global payments market by 2030, Bain & Company estimates. Central banks, global banks, and digital native fintechs are vying to establish their solutions as the standard for this evolution of the payments system.

Many large banks, for instance, have been tinkering with digital currencies, but often are doing so through dozens of different initiatives. Now they have an opportunity to focus on using digital currencies in new payments solutions for their clients. Such solutions hold the promise of programmability, enriched data, lower costs, and faster payments.

Success in this realm, however, requires taking the long view on resources and returns. Banks will want to develop a clear strategy appropriate to their point of departure, based on understanding how digital currencies will play out and which factors should trigger action on their part.

The family of digital currencies, and their potential benefits

Of all the competing digital currencies and tokens, we focus here on four types of digital currency: central bank digital currency (CBDC), with more than 100 countries exploring the merits of a centrally issued currency; tokenized bank deposits representing a claim on a bank; stablecoins pegged to external source of value, such as a US Dollar Coin (USDC); and cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, not pegged to an underlying asset.

Digital currencies have several potential benefits:

Real-time, anytime settlement. Round-the-clock certainty of settlement with a counterparty would allow the payer and the payment processing firm to free up trapped pools of liquidity, optimizing working capital and collateral.
Programmability. Digital currencies could enable conditional, event-driven, and automated initiation and settlement of payments through the use of smart contracts tied to the currency.
Cost efficiency. Using blockchain technology may eliminate or reduce back-office processes such as manual repairs due to failure, sanctions screening, and compliance reporting.
Enriched data sets. The data exhaust from payments would provide information required to understand the nature of the payment and reconcile it with transactions.

Use cases with the greatest potential

These likely benefits open the door to a broad range of applications for digital currencies (see Figure 1). Those on the right side of the figure are easiest to implement with existing methods that are either in place (such as web3 native cases) or that are being developed. Those on the left side have higher obstacles to adoption given multiple jurisdictions (such as cross-border payments) or a need for integration to complex back-end enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems (such as business-to-business, or B2B, payments). Let’s review each in turn.

The most immediate payment opportunities for digital currencies are web3 native applications, then traditional cross-border applications

B2B payments, including supplier payments and intracompany payments (especially cross-border payments), will benefit greatly due to the instantaneous settlement that digital currencies provide. They optimize liquidity requirements and improve automation, enabling the conditional initiation of payment for goods through smart contacts, and may ease reconciliation requirements. There are, however, a number of obstacles due to the requirement to integrate with existing ERP systems and the need for more data to enable rapid reconciliation.

Card giants Visa and Mastercard are exploring the use of digital currencies to make everyday payments on their networks. Between them, the companies have announced partnerships with Coinbase, Bakkt, Gemini, BitPay, and others to support emerging payment forms.

Businesses paying employees or customers, including payroll, marketplace disbursements, refunds, and insurance claims, will benefit from programmability to automatically initiate payments such as instant disbursement upon completion of an employee’s shift. In turn, this should reduce operational costs for banks and their corporate clients. This is considered easier to adopt than B2B payments, requiring only employees or consumers to hold digital wallets—many of which are prevalent today.

Consumer-to-merchant payment for goods and services currently is restricted to certain applications or merchants such as Shopify that are willing to accept digital currencies in return for goods and services in some countries.

The rise of CBDCs could make such consumer-to-merchant transactions a competitive battleground if governments mandate retail CBDC usage. For instance, China’s e-CNY pilot, a digital yuan, is designed to provide a convenient complement to cash as an alternative to the duopoly of Alipay and WeChat Pay, with 140 million individual accounts and 10 million corporate accounts as of October 2021. Domestic CBDCs remain nascent, and interoperability across borders constitutes an even larger leap, though countries are exploring initiatives to make that leap, such as Project Dunbar led by the Bank for International Settlements in partnership with the Australian, Malaysian, Singaporean, and South African central banks.

Payments for goods and services have a lower case for change given existing popular methods such as cards. However, the ease of adoption is considered simpler, as consumers and merchants need only a wallet to interact, and as traditional incumbents open acceptance networks in certain use cases to foster adoption.

Peer-to-peer payments is one of the simpler use cases for adoption. It requires only a wallet held by both payer and payee, and much of this exists today through crypto wallets. However, the case for change here is slightly weaker, because fintechs have already sprung up to solve problems around cost and speed, even if some are using digital-currency rails.

Web3 native use cases represent the third generation of the Internet, a more interoperable system that includes digital currencies to transfer money within a digital ecosystem. Native web3 use cases have been the biggest spur to digital currency usage among consumers, albeit from a relatively small base. Related applications include payment for gaming, purchase of non-fungible tokens, inter-ecosystem transfers between wallets, and ultimately the on- and off-ramping of cryptocurrencies to fund such purchases. Web3 wallets, such as MetaMask, create tools for identity, custody, and payment, helping to streamline the customer experience. As web3 evolves, the use of digital currencies will rise in parallel.

Wholesale payments, including those between financial institutions, where growth will likely be fastest, are among other important applications not shown in the figure. Digital currencies can be programmed to match payments to transfers, reducing the need for collateral or liquidity, and lowering costs. One example is the bank-led consortium with J.P. Morgan, DBS, and Temasek, which formed Partior to enable real-time, cross-border wholesale payments.

Digital and traditional currencies will likely coexist

Demand for digital currencies first developed through crypto use cases. Bain’s recent Web3 Retail Tracker survey of 2,000 US adults finds that 13% currently own digital currencies. Of those who don’t already own digital currencies, an additional 10% of respondents would consider buying them even though the crypto market continues to be uncertain and underregulated.

Given future demand, the payments market could evolve under a variety of potential scenarios, which would differ by country depending on the competitive dynamics and stance of the central bank and government (see Figure 2).

The maturity of digital currencies varies by country

At one extreme, the status quo could endure, with digital currencies on the periphery or limited to niche use cases. At the other extreme, they could grow and be interchangeable with, or even replace, traditional currency. As the figure shows, some governments favor CBDC over stablecoin; others favor the reverse. We view the most likely scenario as multiple digital currency payments methods coexisting alongside traditional payments for the foreseeable future.

What banks should scan for

Leading companies identify trigger points, signposts, and metrics to help them spot changes before the competition does and capitalize on the flexibility embedded in their strategies.

In the case of digital currencies, the following factors will largely drive adoption, and close monitoring of these factors will be critical for any bank that hopes to participate in the market:

Regulation about how digital currencies should be treated in the banking system and who can gain access to them. Recent market turbulence in some cryptocurrencies has pushed regulators to act. Bringing clarity to the treatment of digital currencies—who can issue, use, and store them, and what compliance requirements will consist of—will spur more regulated financial institutions to accelerate their acceptance of digital currencies.
The pace of development of web3 services by financial institutions and technology companies building foundational services such as digital identity, custodial services, and acceptance solutions.
Client demand for new payments solutions.
Industry collaboration. Major moves by tech companies or banks that shift the market, offering proprietary or industry-wide solutions, will prompt adoption for specific use cases.

The clear business case for banks

For banks weighing whether to take action on digital currencies, the business case is clear on several dimensions.

To start, banks must avoid disintermediation from end customers. Returning to Bain’s Web3 Retail Tracker survey, respondents owning digital currencies overwhelmingly use non-bank providers (see Figure 3). Use of payment companies such as PayPal and Cash App is almost as high as specialist crypto exchanges.

Exchanges and fintech or payment companies handle more digital currency than traditional providers

As consumers increasingly interact with digital wallets provided by payment companies and loaded with digital currency, banks risk getting cut out entirely and watching their payments and ancillary revenue pools dry up.

Beyond creating a major risk of disintermediation, digital currencies could open up innovative payments solutions for banks that would help corporate clients reduce costs and enable new services, including payment on delivery of goods and automatic insurance claims payouts. And payments data will contribute to a deeper understanding of clients, so as to improve credit decisions and develop more personalized banking products.

Digital currencies will also reduce costs per transaction over the long run, with greater speed and automation eliminating manual back-end processes. To be sure, these benefits will only come after meaningful investment to shift from current payment rails to blockchain rails.

What should banks do now?

The right actions taken by banks will depend on their size and the maturity of the regulatory and competitive landscape in which they operate. Large regional and global banks have payments and broader revenue pools (such as consumer and business deposits and revolving credit) that could be at risk of longer-term disruption. Or they may just have the investment capacity to target emerging revenue pools and invest aggressively.

Banks may either go it alone or join an initiative. As an example of the former, J.P. Morgan has set up Onyx and JPM Coin as a new payment rail to facilitate programmable, real-time, multi-currency payments. It also offers delivery-versus-payment and payment-versus-payment options to solve current cross-border hurdles.

Some firms are collaborating even if the immediate payoff is not obvious. The European Central Bank announced that it would be partnering with CaixaBank, Worldline, and Nexi, as well as Amazon and EPI, to develop prototypes of different functions of a digital euro, due to be piloted in 2023.

Smaller banks can probably afford to wait until payments solutions have been more established. But they should monitor signals and prepare to move quickly as use cases take hold to select the appropriate use cases, service lines, and infrastructure (see Figure 4).

Financial institutions face decisions on three major dimensions

Every bank, though, should gain a clear view on the role of payments in its strategy and within the organization. Banks can address the following questions to avoid being left behind:

How will digital currencies affect our payments strategy and client value proposition?

What are the top five applications and opportunities we can tap into?
Which use cases will create economic value, whether through cost savings, revenue lift, or protection of current revenue pools?
How can we engage our clients on new digital currencies solutions?

Which market developments in digital assets should trigger action from us?

What are the three to five metrics or events, such as the passage of certain regulations, that will trigger our initiatives and investment?

How should we prepare the organization?

Do we possess the right technology, talent, operating model, and institutional knowledge to scale up the use of digital currencies if they take hold?
What is the right level of investment and time horizon when weighing these initiatives?
Will we build, partner, or buy? Who will we collaborate with?
What no-regret actions should we take now?

Regardless of where a financial institution might want to participate, the time has come to prepare. First movers are establishing capabilities that could become difficult to displace, and corporate customers are showing signs of interest in how digital currencies can improve their payments. Without a clear strategy and the capabilities to execute it, financial institutions will not be able to take advantage of the emerging role of digital currencies in payments.