Oil and gas investing isn’t what it used to be. Though investors continue to find leading companies attractive, the investment case for the oil and gas sector has fundamentally changed. Once a core component of institutional portfolios, the sector’s poor capital allocation record, cyclicality, volatility, weak returns, and uncertain growth outlook have eroded investor confidence.

From 2010 to 2025, energy was the worst-performing sector in the S&P 500, delivering less than half the cumulative return of the index overall. Investors still remember the boom-and-bust cycles that defined the 2000s and 2010s—windfall spending in good years with high prices, followed by capital droughts, suggesting pro-cyclical, value-destructive spending.

The industry also faces a fundamentally different financial environment. Ultra-low interest rates that once made capital cheap and abundant are no more. Rising rates and higher risk premiums now demand capital discipline and visible returns. Meanwhile, questions about long-term oil demand, mounting decarbonization pressures, and competition from other asset classes have tested traditional growth assumptions.

The result is a sector that has shrunk in market prominence and attention. As recently as 2010, energy represented roughly 11% of the S&P 500; today it accounts for only 3% of the index. The emphasis today is on value, not growth: The sector represents 6% of the Russell 1000 Value Index and a mere 0.3% of the Russell 1000 Growth Index.

In this context, we set out to understand: What is the case for investing in oil and gas today? How should companies adapt to remain competitive and attractive in global capital markets? To help answer those questions, we spoke with leading North America–based investors, both generalists and energy specialists. Here’s what those conversations revealed.

The case for oil and gas today: discipline, not growth

Despite the industry headwinds described above, investors interviewed still see a case—albeit a narrower one—for owning oil and gas. We found most of the generalist investors we spoke with to be neutral or underweight the sector and to be value oriented. Energy-specialist funds still participate but with stricter expectations for returns and discipline. Today’s rationale rests not on growth but on demand resiliency, improved fundamentals, attractive valuations, and compelling distributions.

Resilient demand: Even investors who foresee oil demand peaking in the 2030s expect the industry to remain relevant for decades. Maintaining current production levels alone requires about 6 million barrels per day of new supply annually to offset natural decline. Of course, more bullish investors cite population growth, industrialization, and limited substitution progress to underpin a longer timeline of resilient hydrocarbon demand, on top of this replacement need.

Improved fundamentals: Investors acknowledge that the sector has become more disciplined with capital allocation. Capital expenditures now average roughly half of cash flow from operations, compared with nearly 100% a decade ago. Leverage has fallen, governance has tightened, and companies are directing more cash to investors through dividends and buybacks, accelerating a pre–Covid-19 trend that started as the industry grappled with “lower for longer” prices in the post-shale boom market. Global oil and gas capital expenditure dropped 45% from about $880 billion in 2014 to about $500 billion in 2016 (see Figure 1). As one institutional investor put it, “These companies are as well run as they have been in 25 years.”

Figure 1

Attractive valuations: Despite stronger balance sheets, the sector trades at deep discounts to both history and the broader market. While capital returns are improving, there is little optimism reflected in valuations, which are based partially on existing assets, partially on projects, and partially on a premium representing growth potential and terminal value (see Figure 2). Investors describe the sector as “relatively cheap with clean balance sheets” but handicapped by skepticism about long-term growth.

Figure 2

Compelling distributions: Investors can now expect to recover their initial capital in five to seven years through the dividends and buybacks that are today’s norm. Any longer-term upside is treated as optionality. This total return profile makes oil and gas equities more interesting than the underlying commodities.

Taken together, company fundamentals have improved, despite less forgiving sector headwinds, but the investor base is smaller, more disciplined, and far less forgiving. They expect clear, simple narratives explaining how each company will sustain strong cash flow and deliver through-cycle returns, followed by consistent execution and credible long-term resilience. As the next section explores, early signs show that reserves longevity is back on the table as an opportunity for differentiation.

Reserves and longevity: back on the table, but in new terms

Before the shale revolution, reserve replacement was the primary yardstick of industry health. Companies were rewarded for growing 1P (proven) reserves, and investors expected visible replenishment above 100% as a proxy for growth. That equation started to break down after 2012, when two fundamental shifts reshaped the industry.

First, shale abundance turned oil and gas into a short-cycle business, decoupling production growth from long-cycle exploration. Second, the market’s focus moved from growth to returns. Conventional exploration spend has fallen by roughly 56% from a decade ago, and with it, the valuation premium once tied to reserve growth disappeared. Quietly, the industry reached what can be described as “peak reserves”: Total proven reserves for publicly traded Western producers plateaued around 2013 and have trended downward since.

Over the past two years, we see the correlation between reserve longevity and market premium potentially re-emerging—but it’s no longer the same simple story. Investors today are more skeptical of traditional reserve metrics, particularly after shale blurred the distinction between 1P (proven), 2P (proven + probable), and 3P (proven + probable + possible) classifications and varied reporting norms. Many investors view reserve life less as a precise figure and more as a proxy for access to low-cost barrels. At the same time, supply replacement has become more complex and costly, and not all barrels are created equal (see Figure 3).

In this environment, reserve longevity and exploration capability are re-emerging as differentiators. Investors expect reserve life to remain near 10–12 years—long enough to exceed their investment horizon—but the emphasis has shifted from the quantity of barrels booked to their quality. Investors now probe:

• How credible and consistent is the overarching portfolio strategy?
• Where on the cost curve do new barrels sit?
• How exposed are new barrels to fiscal and geopolitical risk?

Put simply, investors are valuing what kind of reserves companies hold, not just how much, and they apply different discount rates based on those answers.

As reserve additions today introduce additional complexity, companies that have reduced or lost exploration capability now face growing medium and long-term challenges. Sustaining exploration capability—or finding new, capital-efficient ways to replenish—will be critical to maintaining resilience and investor confidence in the decade ahead.

Three levers to sustain reserves—and why they’re harder today

Oil and gas companies have three levers for growing reserves, but each presents new challenges today.

Exploration: Quiet, but consistent and successful

Two decades ago, when demand was growing and supply looked limited, every barrel found had value. Today, low cost is critical, and there’s lower tolerance for big losses. Exploration cannot focus solely on chasing the “best rocks”; it must reflect a holistic strategy that optimizes overall economics, including the impact of fiscal terms, regulatory stability, and geopolitical risk. Investors expect companies to keep exploring and managing reserve life prudently, preferring they do so consistently and quietly, as stealth programs often secure better cost outcomes. “The best companies will be the ones that quietly continue to explore,” said one analyst. Companies may not get rewarded for it, but they will be punished if they stop.

M&A: A critical but constrained substitute

Companies are increasingly relying on acquisitions for reserve replacement: The average three-year organic replacement rate is about 90%; it rises to 140% when M&A is included. Acquisitions may be filling the gap left by falling exploration, but investors remain skeptical that most deals create value. They will support consolidation where it yields scale, synergies, and lower unit costs, yet they view M&A as a means to efficiency more than growth. Strong M&A capabilities cannot be at the expense of a robust exploration program.

Innovation: Useful to lower costs or convert resources to reserves

Technology leadership today is most impactful when it reduces reserve development costs or reclassifies existing resources. A “revisions-led innovation program” focused on scale deployment of technology specific to a company’s existing geological assets can be highly accretive. However, such innovation must be targeted and can still take time to yield results. Investors expect a clear commercialization path and disciplined spend.

Implications for industry leaders

The days of sector-based allocation are over. The investor base has evolved from growth seekers to disciplined realists operating in an environment of constrained capital. The market’s message is clear: Strong management discipline is imperative. Maintaining a strong balance sheet, reliable payouts, and rigorous capital allocation is table stakes. Investors expect clear guidance, measurable performance, and consistent follow-through.

The opportunity to differentiate lies in how companies invest to build resilient, long-term cash. Reserves remain a proxy for this cash flow security, but quality now matters as much as quantity. Investors want visibility into how companies are sustaining competitiveness, whether through targeted exploration, efficient M&A, or focused innovation.

There is no one-size-fits-all playbook. The right balance across exploration, acquisitions, and technology—and the approach to each—will depend on each company’s distinct asset base and capabilities. Winners will be those that align these choices to their strengths and communicate a clear, credible rationale for how they extend and differentiate their cash flows over time.