e-Conomy SEA is a multi-year research programme launched by Google and Temasek in 2016. Bain & Company joined the programme as lead research partner in 2019. The research leverages primary research, Temasek insights, Bain analysis, Google Trends, expert interviews, and industry sources to shed light on the digital economy in Southeast Asia.

Executive Summary

Growing against global headwinds

SEA has weathered global macroeconomic headwinds with more resilience, compared to other regions around the world. Gross domestic product (GDP) growth remains above 4%, while inflation has come down to 3%. Consumer confidence is starting to rebound in the second half of 2023 after falling to lower levels in the first half 2023.

Investors reset expectations

Private funding in SEA has declined to its lowest level in six years, which is in line with global shifts towards high cost of capital and issues across the funding lifecycle. Exits remain top-of-mind, as SEA funds have returned less capital to investors than funds focused on other regions. To leave funding winter behind, SEA will need to prove that its digital companies have a clear pathway to profitability and investors have dependable exit pathways.

Monetisation on the rise

Digital businesses have shifted their focus to monetisation in a bid to achieve profitability targets. In 2023, the SEA digital economy delivered $100 billion in revenue, growing at 27% CAGR since 2021, 1.7 times faster than gross merchandise value (GMV). E-commerce, travel, transport, and media contributed $70 billion in revenue. Remarkably, the focus on monetisation has not come at the expense of consumer engagement and GMV growth. GMV still grew 11% to $218 billion in 2023. Travel and transport are on track to exceed pre-pandemic heights in 2024, while e-commerce is showing resilience, fueled by increasing competition.

Financial services at an inflection point

Consumers are adopting digital financial services (DFS) at a rapid pace. Cash is no longer king, as digital payments now make up more than 50% of the region’s transactions. High interest rates are tailwinds to deposits and wealth management but pose challenges to lending. Non-performing loans remain under control. Sustainable business models are emerging among pure-play fintechs, while traditional financial companies are accelerating the process of digitalisation to retain users.

Engaging high-value users

As businesses pursue an accelerated path to profitability, engaging high-value users has become critical to achieve sustainable unit economics. The top 30% of SEA spenders account for more than 70% of digital economy spend—and they can be found everywhere. This is accentuated in gaming, travel, and transport. In the longer term, companies will need to embrace a broader set of customers to continue growing in a sustainable way and unlock the region’s full monetisation potential.

Bridging the digital economic divide

Digital inclusion has made inroads in the region over the past years. Connectivity has increased by as much as three times since 2015 in some rural areas. Yet, as players focus on monetisation, consumers outside of metro cities are facing a widening digital economic divide. Ecosystem investments are required to bridge the gap, which will in turn support long-term digital economic growth.

The path forward: profitable growth

There remains significant headroom in SEA: favourable demographics, growing wealth, and an increasingly urbanised population set the stage for future digital economic growth. Competition is also expected to become more rational in the pursuit of sustained profitability. SEA’s digital economy can reach its full potential with broadened digital economy participation, the emergence of nascent sectors, physical infrastructure investments, and policy and regulation at the regional level.

About Google

Google's mission is to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful. Through products and platforms like Gemini, Search, Maps, Gmail, Android, Google Play, Google Cloud, Chrome, and YouTube, Google plays a meaningful role in the daily lives of billions of people and has become one of the most widely known companies in the world. Google is a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.

About Temasek

Temasek is a global investment company headquartered in Singapore, with a net portfolio value of S$434 billion (US$324B, €299B, £250B, RMB2.35T) as of 31 March 2025. Its purpose, “So Every Generation Prospers,” guides it to make a difference for today’s and future generations. Temasek seeks to build a resilient and forward-looking portfolio that will deliver sustainable returns over the long term.