Few executives need to be told that cybersecurity is a critical issue, one that is central to protecting an organization’s assets and reputation. Companies are spending more than ever to learn where they are vulnerable, to deploy the latest security solutions and to hire the talent necessary for a strong cyber defense. Our research finds that 97% of large firms have undergone audits or assessments of cybersecurity over the past three years, 70% regularly upgrade most of their cybersecurity technologies, and three out of four have senior executives focused squarely on cybersecurity, often a chief information security officer.

In spite of this investment, our research finds that many firms continue to overestimate the effectiveness of their cybersecurity because they fail to grasp the complexity of the challenge. Specifically, many are not developing the long-term strategic capabilities essential for robust cybersecurity. Indeed, most struggle to comply with simple best practices. Only 43% of executives believe that their firms follow best practices for cybersecurity, but deeper analysis identifies that only about 24% of firms actually meet that bar. This gap represents a broad swath of executives and companies who believe that they are better protected than they actually are. Meanwhile, cyberattacks are expected to cost businesses $6 trillion annually by 2021, twice the cost of 2015.

Time and again, a familiar pattern emerges in the post-mortem analysis of data breaches: Despite a high level of awareness among senior executives and substantial investments in cybersecurity technology, companies remain vulnerable and these weaknesses are ruthlessly exploited. A key factor in many breaches is that leaders fundamentally misunderstand the characteristics of good cybersecurity, and they underestimate the rigor necessary to achieve it. Consequently, they approach the issue at a tactical level, ticking boxes rather than undertaking the serious work of building deep and strategic capabilities necessary to achieve real cyber resilience.

Identifying common weaknesses

At some level, executives appear to understand the limits of their cybersecurity posture: In a recent survey by security firm FireEye, slightly more than half of respondents don’t believe that their organization would respond well to a cyberattack. The concern is warranted. A vast number of things need to work well to achieve cybersecurity resilience, and this complexity can overwhelm executives and misguide their focus (see Figure 1).

Figure 1

The first place they look for solutions is usually technology. Large companies use dozens of products and services to meet their needs, and they invest in policies and standards to ensure that their defenses remain proactive and up to date. The greater challenge comes in ensuring constancy so that policies and standards are applied appropriately across complex global organizations. Even applying simple security patches can take large organizations months or even years to achieve, leaving systems vulnerable in the interim. Some large breaches in recent years were because of failures to update web servers against known vulnerabilities.

Technology is only one arrow in the quiver. Because so many cyberattacks start by exploiting vulnerabilities in employee behavior, education is also critically important. Fewer than half the companies we surveyed provide regular staff training on cybersecurity, and, far more surprising, only 55% provide adequate training for their cybersecurity professionals.

Third-party risk represents another common vulnerability, but fewer than half of companies regularly assess the security posture of their suppliers and partners.

Only 58% of executives continuously work to improve alignment between cybersecurity governance and business goals.

Most companies invest in audits to give leaders a sense of the state of their cybersecurity, but audits can also focus on superficial issues and lead to a false sense of security once the identified vulnerabilities are addressed piece by piece. Audits should help verify program delivery and outcomes; they should not serve as the primary input for defining programs or cybersecurity strategy.

Finally, executives struggle to understand how much they should spend on cybersecurity. Reliable industry benchmarks are difficult to find, so a lot of cybersecurity teams try to align their spending with peers based on available information. Most companies just roll their budgets over or add annual increases, but few take a zero-based approach to their cybersecurity spending based on the actual threat environment.

Building mature capabilities

While all of these aspects of cybersecurity need to be addressed, none will build strong resiliency on its own or even jointly. The long-term solution requires redefining cybersecurity as a set of strategic capabilities that can be built and improved over time to continuously address the ever-evolving threat of cyberattacks. Neither technology solutions nor third-party services nor following industry standards can substitute for a fully holistic approach to cybersecurity maturity (see Figure 2).

Figure 2

Building up these capabilities to the appropriate level of maturity takes a sustained effort over months or even years, but companies can achieve their cybersecurity maturity goals by following a clear set of discrete steps.

• Develop a baseline. Understand where you are starting from by measuring current maturity levels across the full range of 20 capabilities.
• Identify benchmarks, and determine target maturity levels for capabilities. Establish the target capability maturity level that is right for your company, and bear in mind that industry, region, critical assets requiring different protections, benchmarks and the current threat environment will all have an impact.
• Define a roadmap, and begin to follow it. Address the most critical capability maturity gaps first, especially those that concern your most valuable assets. Then define more comprehensive initiatives to enhance capabilities in other key areas. Take on no more than 10 initiatives over an 18- to 36-month period.
• Strengthen the commitment to continuous improvement. Reassess capability requirements and maturity levels regularly. Refresh the strategic cybersecurity roadmap to build capability maturity where needed, and ensure that the plan is adequately funded.

Finally, part of continuous assessment is understanding what level of risk can and should be mitigated through cybersecurity insurance. No amount of insurance can cover the damage of a major, highly visible security breach, but insurance is an indispensable component of cybersecurity risk management. FireEye found that half of the companies it surveyed are insured against this type of risk, and another 41% plan to add insurance over the next 18 months.

Taken as a whole, the approach to building cybersecurity capability maturity is a straightforward journey, not unlike other transformational initiatives, but experience shows that it can require sustained focus and a commitment of years to bring capability levels in line with the real needs of the company. The most important step is the first one: Executive teams must come to grips with the scale of the challenge and acknowledge that, in most cases, everything they are doing around cybersecurity is probably not enough. With that understanding, executives can take the necessary steps to increase their cyber resilience to protect their organization, its assets and its stakeholders.

Frank Ford is a partner and Syed Ali is an expert vice president with Bain’s Enterprise Technology practice. Frank is based in London, and Syed is based in Houston.