Brief
|
|
Imagine if you could have seen North America’s shale gas phenomenon coming years ahead of the competition. What might you have done differently? Some companies might have avoided spending billions of dollars on liquefied natural gas (LNG) import facilities in the US. Some might have acquired acreage before hyperinflation escalated land values tenfold or more in some areas. Others would have reallocated capital to better position their companies for the onslaught of natural gas and natural gas liquids (NGLs). If you had seen it coming, would you have anticipated the global competitive advantage of US domestic industries, from manufacturing to fertilizer to plastics to coal, and the resulting changes to international flows? Hindsight is 20/20, but there were indicators that pointed to the plausibility of a shale gas supply shock. What was missing from most leadership teams’ strategic planning processes was a systematic approach for identifying plausible scenarios and defining the leading indicators to monitor the market’s evolution toward them. Such a process would have helped executives not only to gauge the magnitude of the supply shock, but also make the most of its far-reaching effects. Of course, predicting markets is difficult and entails risks. But the challenge is particularly acute in today’s energy markets, where vast new supplies of oil and gas are suddenly entering the market at the lower ends of the cost curves, sending shocks through the energy industry as well as other sectors that are energy intensive or rely on petrochemicals for feedstock. Hydrocarbons from unconventional sources—tight oil and shale gas, in particular—are changing the economic dynamics and competitive positioning with remarkable speed, even though no consensus exists on how much can be extracted economically, and thus how sustainable these supplies are. Still, the stakes are enormous, as the influx of these comparatively inexpensive fuel sources threatens to upend entire industries, shake up competitive positions and destroy the economics of previously profitable ventures. The same indicators that might have helped executives see the shale gale coming years ago continue to send signals today. What can you learn from them about how to best position yourself for the years ahead? The key is to develop a rigorous process for identifying plausible future states for energy markets, based on supply potentials for gas, oil and renewables, and acting on leading indicators of movement toward one or more scenarios. Bain & Company has built a series of plausible scenarios based on analytical models of potential outcomes. Some include very surprising results, such as a global oil price of less than $60 per barrel, where oil-indexed pricing for natural gas would actually favor buyers. In our experience, many companies need this approach for understanding the evolution of the energy ecosystem at a time of unprecedented uncertainty. Executive teams can extract insights by comparing multiple, plausible futures—corner scenarios in our model—and defining signposts to support better, real-time decision making, with the benefit of clearer, longer-range visibility. These signposts are sets of potentially disruptive changes in the marketplace that shape strategic decisions. In the energy industry, signposts can give foresight on supply and demand shocks. For example, the volume of North American tight oil entering the market would be a signpost that helps companies make strategic decisions about investment and substitution. Leading indicators such as capital expenditures in exploration, production and midstream infrastructure all help shed light on whether that signpost is imminent (see Figure 1). It’s a forward-looking process that anticipates disruptive change and informs executives for better decision making. At its best, it can cast the headlights out one to three years further than competitors can see, offering an opportunity to create and sustain significant competitive advantage.  Evidence of disruption The uncertainty that challenges executives today stems from the fact that crude oil, natural gas and NGL markets in the US have all experienced supply shocks in recent years, due to the rise of unconventional sources. Tight oil is the fastest-growing supply of crude oil, posting gains of 42% per year from 2009 to 2012. Shale gas, nonexistent as a supply source just a dozen years ago, now rivals all conventional sources. NGLs are experiencing unprecedented growth rates as well. And regulatory regimes around the world have been subsidizing renewables, leading to significant cost reductions and the potential for green sources to become competitive within reasonable time frames. The sheer magnitude of production and the location of unconventional formations are creating infrastructure bottlenecks that constrain oil and gas flows to demand markets. This has resulted in the decoupling of natural gas and oil prices in the US—and cheaper gas prices here than in the rest of the world. Another sign of this bottleneck between supply and demand has shown up in the spread on crude oil prices: West Texas Intermediate prices (representative of prices obtained by US suppliers) have been far below Brent prices (those more commonly seen on international markets). This difference has decreased in recent months as infrastructure to move the crude has started to catch up with output, but lower-priced domestic crude continues to displace light imports, while heavy Canadian crude is beginning to displace other heavy crude imports into the US. NGL supplies from “wet plays”—those wells that deliver high liquids content in addition to gas—have shaken up the global petrochemical industry, making US manufacturers competitive again. Specifically, ethane-based ethylene manufacturers in the US are putting severe pressure on naphtha-based ethylene manufacturers worldwide. Abundant propane and butane have also made the US competitive in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), tripling the amount it exports since 2008. Still, the global impact of US shale gas and tight oil is up for debate. No one knows how much of it can be recovered economically, so we can’t know the sustainability of these supply shocks. This uncertainty contributes to wildly different expectations for crude oil and natural gas production in North America. In the case of crude oil, production forecasts out to 2030 vary from a net reduction to a near doubling of today’s volumes. For natural gas, production estimates vary by about 50% above or below today’s estimates. Supply shocks and substitution Our approach to managing this uncertainty begins with the observation that we can capture the dynamics shaping the energy ecosystem along three major vectors: the supply of natural gas,1 the supply of crude oil and the penetration of renewables2 in the total energy mix. The permutations of supply levels for each of these fuel sources result in a set of eight plausible scenarios (see Figure 2). Within each scenario, we extrapolate cost experience curves for each fuel source, the efficiency gains that result from cumulative experience of months and years of practical application. Applying the economics of these efficiency gains alters the shape of their respective supply curves and sets new clearing prices. We use these new fuel-source prices to calculate intrafuel substitution, such as shale gas for coal bed methane (CBM) gas, and also interfuel substitutions, such as natural gas for coal. Regulatory actions and technology breakthroughs can make renewables competitive and lead to substitution away from fossil fuels. We considered the constraints on infrastructure build-out in order to determine plausible production forecasts.  Balancing supply and demand by industry sector (power generation, transportation, industrial heating and power, and industrial feedstock) as the final step reveals material differences in the energy mix for total consumption (see Figure 3). Some interesting findings:
 Despite the material differences, we see some commonalities across the scenarios:
Collectively, these scenarios yield a wide range of production and prices for US oil and gas in 2030:
The share of the fuel mix from coal and renewables varies widely, too:
As we noted earlier, the fundamental drivers of variability across scenarios include the application of experience curves and efficiency gains to different supply potentials as we estimate future commodity supply levels, as well as substitution barriers (how easy or difficult it is for one fuel to substitute for another). For example, when natural gas prices fell to around $2 per MMBtu, drilling rigs in the US rapidly transferred to more liquidrich plays such as the Bakken. However, basic infrastructure could not keep up, leading to gas flaring— burning off excess gas when the infrastructure isn’t in place to transport it for more useful purposes—and a temporary decoupling of US oil prices from international prices. Consider the scenario that we call Hydrocarbon World, in which tight oil supplies from North America in 2030 are far greater than estimates from the US Energy Information Administration (see Figure 4). In this scenario, tight oil production displaces all other sources of crude oil except conventional supplies, putting significant pressure on competing oil sources (including imports) and pushing down the clearing price for oil. Displacing those other sources of crude would, of course, affect the international energy markets.  Effects beyond the US In a scenario of abundant tight oil, reduced US imports could push down the global price of oil by returning 5 million to 7 million barrels per day to circulation. If, on top of this, Canada, Iraq and Brazil achieve their aspirational production targets, the global supply could outpace demand by 8 million to 18 million barrels per day, an oversupply that could easily trigger a price collapse. It’s difficult to estimate the size of a potential price collapse, but previous oversupply situations5 have cut crude oil prices by 30% to 70%. A price decline of this level would jeopardize the economics of all high-cost sources of crude, including higher-cost sources of tight oil. The potential for global disruption of the natural gas and NGL markets is just as great. Abundant shale gas could displace all other sources of natural gas in the US (aside from associated gas) and leave plenty for export. These scenarios presume a high level of drilling intensity and infrastructure build-out, but they are plausible— and could have a profound impact on global markets. Specifically, US demand for natural gas could swell to nearly 100 bcfd, according to our calculations, and total production could still put aside 50 bcfd for export. Whether the US export market ever develops to this extent will depend on several factors, including:
Each region will find itself at different positions within our scenario cube, depending on how supplies play out (see Figure 5). It’s also clear that we can describe and track the variables that define the trajectories across the cube. Today, North America has abundant natural gas supply, an emerging supply of tight oil and growing but still unsubstantial renewables. Western Europe is at a crossroads between the Hydrocarbon Starved and Green Nirvana scenarios: Low supplies of oil and gas are precipitating a coal renaissance, but there is also a strong policy push toward renewables. China is Hydrocarbon Starved and likely to remain so for some time with its growing energy needs—but under a strong policy push to reduce reliance on coal and increase use of natural gas and renewables.  These descriptions offer a mixed bag of global and regional effects, so it’s important to develop good market definitions by commodity, apply cost experience curves and assess substitution barriers. Oil is the most global and liquid of the energy commodities. More than 60% of oil trades across regions (according to the 2012 BP Statistical Review of World Energy), and cost experience curves apply more to the source—for example, deep water production—than to regions. Price variations across regions result from infrastructure gaps and limited abilities to substitute, both of which can be taken into account in the model. Coal is less global than oil, but global trade is increasing, including US exports to Europe and China. In sharp contrast to oil, natural gas is primarily a regional market: 70% of natural gas is consumed domestically, 20% is traded regionally by pipeline and 10% is traded globally as LNG. High liquefaction and transportation costs associated with LNG and pipeline constraints can cause price disconnects across regions. Renewables and nuclear market definitions fall somewhere in between. Economics are driven by global technology and cost experience curves, but regulation and, in the case of renewables, weather (sunshine and wind) determine local break-even points. Navigating strategy in uncertainty Hundreds of variables help determine the trajectory of any region across the cube, including production and refining issues, regulations, advancements in technology, infrastructure investments, and user economics and preferences. But attempting to consider all of these variables together without a simplifying structure is a complex process that won’t necessarily lead executive teams to the right options as quickly as they need them. Our work with executives has helped us identify common traps that companies can fall into when faced with the kind of uncertainty that we see in today’s energy industry. Some traps result from being underconfident:
And some traps stem from being overconfident, which is also a common reaction when facing uncertainty:
The rise of shale and tight oil has created new uncertainty for oil and gas companies. To succeed, leading companies prepare for a wide range of potential scenarios and seek to mitigate risk, says Jorge Leis, a practice leader of Bain's Oil and Gas practice in the Americas. Strategy in uncertainty requires developing plausible supply and demand scenarios, identifying signposts that determine supply and demand levels as well as prices that drive fuel substitution and import-export markets, and tracking leading indicators to assess the state of these signposts so companies can predict potential disruptions. A major advantage of this approach is that it creates a dynamic strategy. When leadership teams weigh different scenarios rather than betting on one point of view, they are able to see which strategies will help companies win under different scenarios. This approach also allows teams to develop a strategy with options, such as specific triggers that signal when they need to change directions. Identifying the decisions that teams will need to take in advance of an imminent signpost conditions the organization to become more agile and respond quickly to market realities— which is more effective than taking long periods of time to study the latest disruptive events. These decisions should align with and inform the organization’s long-term strategic plan and goals. Given how rapidly the situation can change, it’s no longer about making one right bet, but about being more accurate more often. Strategy is, increasingly, a dynamic process in which companies continually monitor their options, realign direction and roll steadily toward their goals. This allows companies to be constantly aware, ahead of competitors, and enables them to quickly take advantage of market shifts and opportunities. Executives in energy and energy-intensive industries are just beginning to come to terms with the likelihood of ongoing supply shocks. Potentially abundant supplies of natural gas, NGLs and crude oil may continue to outpace the ability of global industry participants to make reasonable bets on future supply levels and pricing. In this world, many assets and projects may require levels of investment that become uneconomic as additional supplies enter the market. Current estimates do little to reduce the uncertainty surrounding how the energy markets might evolve. We see wide gulfs in thinking not only on North American reserves and the ability to extract them economically, but also on those around the world. Under such uncertainty, it is impossible to predict the future. But companies can build the capabilities to see further into the future by developing scenarios, identifying signposts and tracking leading indicators. Doing so will help both companies and their investors make sense of the future landscape. Jorge Leis is a partner with Bain & Company in Houston, where he leads the firm’s Oil & Gas practice in the Americas. Mark Gottfredson is a Bain partner in Dallas. Six surprising outcomes Bain’s extensive research and analysis on shocks to supply and demand in energy markets reveal some surprising but plausible possibilities over the next three to five years. (Note that these outcomes may be from different—and in some cases, contradictory—scenarios.) Oil falls below $60 per barrel If optimistic or aspirational goals are achieved in Nor th America, Brazil and Iraq, the oversupply situation could precipitate a 30% to 70% price drop. Natural gas prices rest at $4 in the US Experience curve effects coupled to more optimistic estimates of recoverable reserves could yield attractive producer economics and spur huge demand as sectors switch from other fuel sources. China may have a shale boom—or a natural gas shortfall—with global repercussions If China can produce its huge shale resources economically, it could see a boom in gas production. If not, it will see a shortage, which could jeopardize its stated goal of increasing gas to 10% of its energy mix by 2020. Either way, the impact will be felt globally. Batteries could unleash solar and wind power—but not yet There are upper limits on how much of the power mix can come from solar and wind power, because they can generate power only some of the time (in daylight and when the wind blows). Utility-scale storage is the key, but battery technology will need to improve. It will take more than five years to develop batteries that can solve this problem at scale. Electric vehicles may be cheaper than gasoline cars by 2020 Batteries for electric cars are getting better, solving the problem of limited range. Within seven years, electric cars may be less expensive to own than gasoline-powered vehicles (assuming today’s oil prices). Significant switching to natural gas vehicles likely in the near term The low cost of gas in North America is already making it economical to run some light trucks and fleet vehicles in cities on compressed natural gas. As the infrastructure to supply these vehicles in - creases and gas producers continue to descend the experience curve, ownership of natural-gas-powered cars is likely to climb. 1 We modeled NGLs as ratios to shale gas production. 2 We included renewables as an independent vector because they are very much a part of the energy ecosystem, and continued innovation and the real possibility of technological breakthroughs within our forecast period could make renewables truly disruptive. Coal and nuclear, while important components of the energy mix, are not as potentially disruptive, and we have modeled them as dependent on the volumes and prices of oil, gas and renewables. 3 Given the greater energy efficiency of electric vehicles and—to a lesser extent—natural-gas vehicles, compared with gasoline-power vehicles, energy demand decreases as the penetration of electric vehicles and natural-gas vehicles increases. 4 While the adoption of stricter emission standards in scenarios 5 through 8 disproportionally impacts the use of coal, we didn’t assume an explicit carbon tax. 5 There have been five crude oil oversupply situations since 1986: 1986, 1991, 1998, 2001 and 2008. 6 Competitive dynamics in Asia are much more favorable to US LNG exports than European exports. 7 By some estimates, China has the largest shale gas reserves in the world. |