For years, aerospace and defense (A&D) was a relatively stable industry with steady air travel penetration growth, long-term increases in defense budgets, and long-duration programs. Now, executives and investors face new strategic questions as the industry changes due to the lasting impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, macroeconomic and geopolitical uncertainties, and technological and regulatory disruptions. Companies must confront disruption, consider diversifying exposure, and grow volume and scale within an environment of lower volumes and margin pressure. M&A is likely to be a key tool many employ to achieve these objectives.

As commercial aerospace rose above the most acute pandemic clouds, it emerged into a less-than-hospitable macro environment. China’s recovery has been uneven at best. In Europe, environmental, social, and corporate governance pressures and potential regulation stand to intensify air travel headwinds. Worldwide, pilot shortages are creating a bottleneck. These and other changes hurt volumes at a time when margins are already feeling the impact of cost inflation and the growth of risk-transfer products such as power-by-the-hour maintenance. Commercial aviation profit pools have been under pressure (see Figure 1).

Figure 1

Conversely, the defense market has been relatively stable throughout Covid-19, and changes in the geopolitical environment along with lower levels of fiscal constraint have led to volume and budget tailwinds. Prepayments and government support helped stabilize the supply base during pandemic closures and supply chain disruptions. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has increased spending commitments in Europe, and rising competition with China has the US and close allies (particularly Japan, South Korea, and Australia) shifting their spending priorities and increasing total spending. These countries are collectively building their own defense capabilities and deterrents, which will diversify what has been a US-oriented market. Using military aircraft suppliers as a proxy for the broader industry, profit pools have been much more stable as a result of these trends (see Figure 2).

Figure 2

The shift to near-peer competition in the defense market has broader implications for the supply base. Requirements are growing, but budgets still face a crowding-out effect from inflation, sustainment needs, and competing governmental fiscal priorities. A macroeconomic downturn would likely exacerbate this disconnect between requirements and funding. The challenge for primes and suppliers is to meet demand for new capabilities in areas where commercial innovation and foreign spending are outpacing government investment—for example, cyber, autonomy, artificial intelligence, computing, and connectivity. Companies with exposure to these markets will find meaningful tailwinds, though they will also see competitive pressure from commercial players with innovative solutions that government buyers are increasingly willing to purchase.

We see several important M&A trends as companies and financial investors navigate the marketplace.

• Platform/segment diversification: Financial and strategic acquirers alike will continue to turn to M&A to diversify in attractive segments in commercial aviation (e.g., narrowbody, next-generation engines) and stable/growing segments in defense (e.g., major programs of record, advanced mission systems).
• Defense adjacency growth/capability acquisitions: Companies in the defense industry will look to buy or partner for the capabilities they need to compete in nascent, high-growth markets. That was the reported objective of Raytheon Technologies’ acquisition of Blue Canyon in 2020 and SEAKR Engineering in 2021 in the space market as well as L3Harris’s 2022 purchase of Viasat’s tactical data links. We will see continued deals and partnerships seeking to benefit from faster time to market and lower development costs.
• Commercial value chain consolidation: Scale matters in the aerospace supply chain, and consolidation is likely in segments that are fragmented despite benefits to site- or company-level scale. The recently announced Paradigm Precision and Whitcraft deal is a good example of this trend, and it is reasonable to expect further activity in Tiers 2 and 3. Another likely area of consolidation is maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO), which is fragmented today despite customer and operational benefits to site-level scale.
• Consolidation in maturing markets: As nascent defense and commercial markets continue to grow, we expect to see consolidation as winners and losers emerge in crowded and highly competitive markets. For example, with space launch frequency increasing, vehicles and services will become more commoditized and smaller players will look for scale deals to lower costs and preserve margins.

Given these trends, M&A is likely to be a critical tool in A&D in 2023 and beyond. We expect some activity in prime contracting/original equipment manufacturers and Tier 1 players (for example, L3Harris’s recent announcement of an agreement to acquire Aerojet Rocketdyne), although dealmaking is likely to be more muted vs. the past few decades because the degree of consolidation that regulators will permit remains an open question. We also expect more deals further down the supply chain, where margins can be attractive and there is fragmentation despite benefits to scale.

And private capital will likely increase its participation in the sector, in line with recent trends. We expect more activity from both generalist funds as well as those that have traditionally focused on the sector. Private equity has less antitrust risk, substantial dry powder to invest, and is likely to seek out pockets of undermanagement and stable or growing volumes. And the industry has some fundamental traits that financial investors like—for example, enduring customer relationships, high backlog visibility, and stable cash flows.

But not all investments will be winners. Below are the factors that can boost the odds of a successful deal.

• Diversified exposure across platforms, programs, geographies: Recent disruptions caused by Covid-19 highlighted the advantages of diversified exposure. But the act of buying a company just to diversify won’t work unless there is a distinct parenting advantage—the acquirer won’t be able to justify the deal competition’s high multiple. Companies must have a clear deal thesis tied to a specific parenting advantage that unlocks value.
• Exposure to narrowbody (commercial) and large programs of record such as the F-35 (defense): Backlogs are large and stable in major narrowbody and defense programs of record (e.g., Airbus’s A320, CFM’s LEAP, Pratt & Whitney’s PW1000 and F135, Lockheed-Martin’s F-35, and Northrop Grumman’s B-21); companies with exposure to these programs will tend to have scale advantages, higher margins, and more cash to reinvest in next-generation technologies.
• Defensible intellectual property (IP): Suppliers that own critical design IP will continue to have an advantage and are more attractive targets, demanding higher multiples compared with contract manufacturers. Proprietary components and systems tend to generate higher margins, both in production and in the aftermarket.

• Operational excellence: Operational excellence is the differentiator in this industry and a key to margin expansion, particularly with long-running programs. Yet acquirers need to ensure that the operations expertise is fit for the mission. Some programs maintain low rates for long periods of time, and others benefit from high-rate production expertise that drives out cost through scale.
• M&A/integration as a capability: The most successful acquirers in any industry are those that repeatably drive value and growth from acquisitions. From due diligence through to post-merger integration, a sound M&A strategy and execution capabilities that are disciplined and thesis focused are critical.

M&A can be a valuable tool for diversification and access to new capabilities in aerospace and defense. For example, more diverse end-market exposure can help stabilize earnings and expose companies to higher growth segments (such as commercial narrowbody aircraft and major defense programs of record). In industries characterized by long program durations and sticky customer relationships, M&A can be a critical growth lever. And disruptions in both markets make acquisitions that deliver new capabilities to improve defensibility in a company’s core potentially attractive. For all of these reasons, winning aerospace and defense companies will develop focused, tailored investment theses that support and reinforce their broader corporate strategies—and pursue acquisitions that strengthen resilience and add value.