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This article is part of Bain’s 2019 Global Private Equity Report. This section looks at how GPs are exploring adjacent investment strategies that take advantage of existing capabilities, while resisting the temptation to stray too far afield. Explore the contents of the report here or download the PDF to read the full report.
Given the amount of capital gushing into private equity, it’s not surprising that PE firms are diversifying their fund offerings by launching new strategies. The question is whether this wave of diversification can produce better results than the last one. History has shown that expanding thoughtfully into the right adjacencies can deliver great results. But devoting time, capital and talent to strategies that stray too far afield can quickly sap performance.
The first wave: A step too far
In the mid-1990s, the industry faced a similar challenge in putting excess capital to work. As institutions and other large investors scoured the investment landscape for returns, they increased allocations to alternative investments, including private equity. Larger PE funds eagerly took advantage of the situation by branching into different geographies and asset classes. This opened up new fee and revenue streams, and allowed the funds to offer talented associates new opportunities.
Funds first expanded geographically, typically by crossing the Atlantic from the US to Europe, then extending into Asia and other regions by the early 2000s (see Figure 2.12). Larger firms next began to experiment with asset class diversification, creating growth and venture capital funds, real estate funds, mezzanine financing and distressed debt vehicles.
Figure 2.12
Geographic adjacencies started with transatlantic expansions, followed by Asian and global targets
The Carlyle Group exemplified these ambitious expansions. From its core investing in heavily regulated sectors, such as the defense industry, Carlyle diversified geographically and then across asset classes, including venture capital, real estate, leveraged finance, high-yield debt, infrastructure and a hedge fund. The financial crisis took a toll on parts of Carlyle (as it did on most PE firms), but the firm remains one of the industry’s largest, with more than $210 billion under management today.
Many other PE firms found it more challenging to succeed in new geographies and especially in different asset classes. Credit, infrastructure, real estate and hedge funds held much appeal, in part because they were less correlated with equity markets and offered new pools of opportunity. But critically, most of these asset classes also required buyout investors to get up to speed on very different capabilities, and they offered few synergies. Compared with buyouts, most of these adjacent asset classes had a different investment thesis, virtually no deal-sourcing overlap, little staff or support-function cost sharing, and a different LP risk profile.
To complicate matters, PE firms found that many of these adjacencies offered lower margins than their core buyout business. Some came with lower fees, and others did not live up to performance targets. Inherently lower returns for LPs made it difficult to apply the same fee structures as for traditional buyouts. To create attractive total economics and pay for investment teams, PE firms needed to scale up some of these new products well beyond what they might do in buyouts. That, in turn, threatened to change the nature of the firm.
For large firms that ultimately went public, like KKR, Blackstone and Apollo, the shift in ownership intensified the need to produce recurring, predictable streams of fees and capital gains. Expanding at scale in different asset classes became an imperative. And today, buyouts represent a minority of their assets under management.
As other firms pursued diversification, however, the combination of different capabilities and lower returns wasn’t always worth the trade-off. When the global financial crisis hit, money dried up, causing funds to retrench from adjacencies that did not work well—either because of a lack of strategic rationale or because an asset class struggled overall. Of the 100 buyout firms that added adjacencies before 2008 (roughly 1 in 10 firms active then), 20% stopped raising capital after the crisis, and nearly 65% of those left had to pull out from at least one of their asset classes (see Figure 2.13).
Figure 2.13
The financial crisis caused many failures and retrenchments in private equity
Diversification, it became clear, was trickier to navigate than anticipated. Succeeding in any business that’s far from a company’s core capabilities presents a stiff challenge—and private equity is no different.
To test this point, we looked at a sample of funds launched between 1998 and 2013 by 184 buyout firms for which we had performance data, each of which had raised at least $1.5 billion during that period. We found that, when it comes to maintaining a high level of returns, staying close to the core definitely matters. Our study defined “core/near-in” firms as those that dedicated at least 90% of their raised capital to buyouts and less than 5% to adjacencies (including infrastructure, real estate and debt). We compared them to firms that moved further away from the core (dedicating more than 5% to adjacencies). The results: On average, 28% of core/near-in firms’ buyout funds generated top-quartile IRR performance, vs. 21% for firms that moved further afield (see Figure 2.14).
Figure 2.14
Strategies close to the core yield higher performance
The IRR gap for geographic diversification is more muted, because making such moves is generally easier than crossing asset types. But expanding into a new country or region does require developing or acquiring a local network, as well as transferring certain capabilities. And the mixed IRR record that we identified still serves as a caution: Firms need to be clear on what they excel at and exactly how their strengths could transfer to adjacent spaces.
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The new wave: Closer to the core
With a record amount of capital flowing into private equity in recent years, GPs again face the question of how to deploy more capital through diversification. While a few firms, such as Hellman & Friedman, remain fully committed to funding their core buyout strategy, not many can achieve such massive scale in one asset class. As a result, a new wave of PE products is finding favor with both GPs and LPs.
Top performers are considering adjacencies that are one step removed from the core, rather than two or three steps removed. The best options take advantage of existing platforms, investment themes and expertise. They’re more closely related to what PE buyout firms know how to do, and they also hold the prospect of higher margins for the GP and better net returns for LPs. In other words, these new products are a different way to play a familiar song.
The experience of Vista Equity Partners illustrates successful diversification close to the core business. Founded in 2000, Vista invests almost exclusively in software, data and technology-enabled enterprises. In 2017, it closed an $11 billion core fund, which was oversubscribed by almost 40%, and is currently targeting $16 billion for its successor. Along the way, Vista added several adjacencies that were slight variations on its core business model. In 2009, it founded a small- and midcap fund to tap into the North American middle market. In 2013, the firm raised a direct-lending fund to invest in the debt of the companies it buys, and it is now reportedly raising a $3 billion long-hold equity fund.
There are any number of ways for firms to diversify, but several stand out in today’s market (see Figure 2.15):
- Long-hold funds have a life span of up to 15 years or so, offering a number of benefits. Extending a fund’s holding period allows PE firms to better align with the longer investment horizon of sovereign wealth funds and pension funds. It also provides access to a larger pool of target companies and allows for flexibility on exit timing with fewer distractions. These funds represent a small but growing share of total capital. CVC Capital Partners, for example, is raising its second long-hold fund with a hard cap of €5 billion, aiming for a 12% to 14% IRR, compared with the 20% target of its mainstream fund.
- Growth equity funds target minority stakes in growing companies, usually in a specific sector such as technology or healthcare. Though the field is getting more crowded, growth equity has been attractive given buyout-like returns, strong deal flow and less competition than for other types of assets. Here, a traditional buyout firm can transfer many of its core capabilities. Most common in Asia, growth equity has been making inroads in the US and Europe of late. (See “Growth Equity: A Risk/Return Profile That’s Hard to Ignore.”)
- Sector funds focus exclusively on one sector in which the PE firm has notable strengths. These funds allow firms to take advantage of their expertise and network in a defined part of the investing landscape. TPG, for instance, is currently raising $2.5 billion for a healthcare sidecar fund after completing multiple deals in that space. This move should allow TPG to focus on the full healthcare value chain while giving it the flexibility to write smaller checks, which is not always possible with large buyout funds.
- Mid-market funds target companies whose enterprise value typically ranges between $50 million and $500 million, allowing the firm to tap opportunities that would be out of scope for a large buyout fund. For instance, the EQT Mid Market fund invests in middle-market buyouts and growth equity investments.
All of the options described here have implications for a PE firm’s operating model, especially in terms of retaining talent, communicating an adjacency play to LPs, avoiding cannibalization of the firm’s traditional buyout funds and sorting out which deal belongs in which bucket.
Figure 2.15
The new wave of adjacencies aim to stay closer to the core
Key questions for GPs
It is too early to tell how much capital these vehicles will attract, or the level of returns they will generate. Still, for PE funds aiming to expand their hunting ground without straying too far from their core, they are viable options worth considering. Success will likely flow from careful assessment of three factors: Does the opportunity leverage existing capabilities? Can these adjacencies deliver good returns? And can we scale up the platform or product?
The first wave of adjacencies worked for a subset of investors that figured out how to overcome the challenges of new asset classes, but many firms proved less successful. Learning from this experience, GPs need to thoroughly assess not only the attractiveness of the opportunity but also their ability to compete. And there must be a strong strategic rationale for expansion, convincingly communicated to LPs so that they don’t perceive expansion as drifting strategy. Only a rigorous review of a GP’s strengths from a strategy perspective can unlock the right moves. This second wave of adjacencies is a more disciplined attempt to stay closer to core capabilities, creating products that LPs want and GPs can execute on with higher odds of success.
With this in mind, GPs committed to adjacency expansion should ask themselves a few key questions:
- Do we have the resident capabilities to execute well on this product today, or can we add them easily?
- Does the asset class leverage our cost structure?
- Do our customers—our LPs—want these new products?
- Can we provide the products through the same channels?
- Have we set appropriate expectations for the expansion, both for returns and for investments?
Clear-eyed answers to these questions will determine whether, and which, adjacencies make sense. The past failures and retrenchments serve as a reminder that investing too far afield risks distracting GPs from their core buyout funds. Instead, a repeatable model consists of understanding which strengths a fund can export and thoughtfully mapping those strengths to the right opportunities (see Figure 2.16). Adjacency expansion will remain a popular tack among funds looking for alternative routes to put their capital to work. Funds that leverage their strengths in a disciplined, structured way stand the best chance of reaping healthy profits from expansion.
Figure 2.16
PE funds with successful expansions have identified the unique assets, expertise and capabilities they can leverage
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This article is part of Bain’s 2019 Global Private Equity Report. Explore the contents of the report here or download the PDF to read the full report.